Inventory of Manuscripts from Qumran

Introduction

This file should eventually contain a list of all the known manuscripts from the eleven original caves excavated at Qumran and about which information is presently available. The list has been compiled from three readily available paperback sources ¹, ², ³. The other references most frequently cited here are from the serial work in progress Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (of Jordan) (Oxford; Clarendon Press, 1955�), the individual numbers of which are designated herein as DJD I, DJD II, DJD III, etc.

The series numbers, names and official abbreviations assigned to the various manuscripts have been changed in the past and may be changed in the future. They remain under the control, primarily, of the Israel Antiquities Authority and the various editors selected to publish the official editions of the scholarly work on the scrolls. These definitive sources should be consulted by anyone working seriously in this field. This list is intended mostly to satisfy amateur scholars, like me, who are very curious but still have a lot to learn.

The state of preservation of the manuscripts varies from almost complete to almost non-existent. Many of the manuscripts are made up of more than one fragment. Once the fragments had been reassembled into manuscripts, each manuscript was given the series designation provided in this list. Some manuscripts consist of a single small fragment. Others contain nearly the entire text of the original. Many unclassified fragments remain unidentified; neither a part of one of the larger scrolls nor a part of any known text. These fragments were each assigned their own unique series designations.

(In general, the task has been to assemble smaller fragments into larger fragments wherever joins can be identified. The jigsaw puzzle aspect of the assembly ends when all the available joins have been identified. The assembled larger fragments have typically been collected together based on other evidence into larger manuscripts even when no common joins existed. Such evidence includes language, letter shapes, spacing between rows and columns, widths of the columns, the color of the scroll material, the nature of the damage to the scroll material, the nature of the text [especially if it is from a known text for which a more complete version exists, etc.] Some of this is straightforward and some of it is not. There is the chance that future scholarship will force a revision in some of these assignments, however, everyone seems to agree that the job done to date was done very thoroughly and with a high degree of care, skill and precision.)

Some of these manuscripts are copies of the same, or nearly the same text. Each manuscript copy received its own distinct series designation. But for many of these copies the same official abbreviations and/or names are often used. To distinguish among the copies, superscript letters are often used when referring to them by name.

Most of the early manuscripts and a high percentage of the Cave 4 manuscripts were not acquired through personal excavation by the official archaeological expeditions. They were purchased from the Bedouin who found them. The buyers were primarily the representatives of Jordan and Israel. This makes it impossible to assign specific fragments and documents to specific caves with complete confidence (chain of custody and provenance are undocumented). It is not even entirely certain that all manuscripts discovered by the Bedouin have been accounted for. Comments about the distribution of documents among the various caves and discussions of why certain manuscripts were stored in certain caves must include the implicit proviso that it is all subject to change should more data or manuscripts become available. (Note that finding a fragment of a purchased manuscript in one cave does not necessarily prove, only improves the likelihood, that the purchased manuscript was originally taken from that same cave.)

Initially, de Vaux and Milik divided the texts into biblical (included in the Hebrew Bible) and non-biblical categories before parsing them among the members of the editorial group. The following superscripts are used here to identify individual manuscripts in each category according to that original classification:

^b Biblical Text

^� Non-Biblical Text

The term "non-biblical" should not be understood as non-religious. Almost all the works in the Qumran library are religious in some sense. "Non-biblical" simply means not currently part of the accepted Jewish Canon. In other words, these are among the texts that did not make it into the Bible.

Over time the editors have occasionally chosen to renumber and rename certain of the manuscripts. This seems to have been due in part to their evolving understanding of how the fragments and manuscripts fit together. Furthermore, not all scholars who have studied the texts agree on how each of them should be reassembled from the available fragments. For these, and perhaps other, reasons, there are occasional missing numbers.

It is important to remember that these series designations are intended to refer to individual manuscripts. There are many techniques that can be used to determine if two fragments of one text are from the same or separate manuscripts. These include the color and texture of the parchment or papyrus on which it is written, and the handwriting, language and idiomatic usages of the scribe(s) who wrote it (them). It should be obvious that if even a single part of the two fragments overlap, then two separate manuscripts are, almost certainly, required. On the other hand, many fragments with no overlaps and no contiguous edges with the other fragments, have been assigned to specific larger documents. The techniques used in making these assignments are not infallible, and it is always possible that future scholarship and/or investigative techniques will require reassignment of some fragments.

Manuscripts or fragments, now numbered separately, may turn out to be parts of other numbered manuscripts. While most of the details of this jigsaw puzzle were worked out long ago, it is still possible that some of the unidentified individual fragments, currently carrying their own unique manuscript designations, may yet be identified and, possibly, incorporated into other manuscripts. This would possibly create additional gaps in the series numbering. It is also possible that a fragment now assigned to one document might turn out to be part of another copy of the same text or even part of an unrelated text. Such a fragment could, in the latter case, require its own new number.

The biblical and non-biblical texts are intermixed here in the order of their current numerical series designations. In general, the biblical manuscripts have lower numbers than the non-biblical manuscripts, but not always. I have, after the example of F. García Martínez, appended to the numerical series designation, the official abbreviation (in parentheses), and one or more commonly used titles. Manuscripts with non-numerical official designations (such as the first seven manuscripts) appear at the beginning of the list for the appropriate cave (Cave 1 for those first seven manuscripts).

Some famous or notorious manuscripts have become better known by their official abbreviations or one of the common names than by their numerical series designation. These I have also chosen to list at the beginning of the entries for the appropriate caves. Note that those entries appear again in their numerical sequence in the list of the cave�s manuscripts ONLY to refer you back to the beginning of the list. The intent is that each individual manuscript should have only one entry in the list. Putting well known named manuscripts at the beginning of each Cave�s list merely speeds up the process of checking on certain specific manuscript references.

In a few special cases, one manuscript consumes two numerical series designations. This occurred because parts of the manuscript ended up in Israel and part of it ended up in the Rockefeller Museum basement in East Jerusalem. Given the temper of the times and of some of the individuals involved, there was no way to reunite the separate parts. Today, it should be possible, but there are no signs that such reunions have actually occurred under the auspices of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

Two non-Qumran manuscripts are also listed here because they are so closely related to the various copies of the Damascus Document (4Q D) discovered in Cave 4; fragments of this document have also been discovered in other caves at Qumran. These two non-Qumran manuscripts are copies of the Damascus Document discovered in the Cairo Genizah (the CD-A and CD-B documents). These manuscripts along with copies from Qumran Cave 4 are all listed together at the beginning of the Cave 4 list. Other fragments, presumably from separate copies, of the Damascus Document found in other caves are also listed at the beginning of the lists for their appropriate caves.

An original DJD reference, or an alternate reference, for each manuscript is usually provided, along with a brief description or identification of its contents, as currently understood. See F. García Martínez, R. Eisenman and M. Wise, and Geza Vermes for more complete sets of references and descriptions.

The biblical texts have not, so far as I know, ever been considered controversial. They were to a large extent translated and published early. They are of interest to many biblical scholars, not least because they offer insights into the evolution of Old Testament scriptures. Copying errors, misunderstandings, redactions, insertions (glosses), and biblical commentaries, among other effects, have all served to modify these texts over time. These changes are of undoubted interest to scholars whose research focuses the evolution of such biblical texts prior to the time they were edited into their final forms in the modern Christian and Jewish Canons. This work has a long history, and unlike scholars interested in the non-biblical texts, biblical scholars were not unduly hindered in their investigations of the Dead Sea Scrolls by the inactions of some of the original editors.

Until recently most of the non-biblical texts have been only partially published or not published at all. These texts are potentially more interesting than the biblical texts, in part, because they are among the lost religious texts of the intertestamental period. What is even more interesting, they were lost without leaving us any trace that they ever existed; at least, not until the late 1940�s. As the Damascus Document discoveries in the Cairo Genizah demonstrate, however, some of these may have been lost more recently than might be suspected. Still, it is always most interesting to stumble across the totally unexpected. The newly won availability of these texts now offers scholars an opportunity to start digging for the surprises.

English translations of most of the non-biblical texts from Qumran have recently become available in economical paperback editions suitable for general readership. The paperback edition containing the earliest widely available English translation(s) for individual scrolls is indicated using superscripts to provide the source and page numbers as follows:

⁰ Too small to be worth translating according to F. García Martínez

¹^[pp] F. García Martínez, The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated. � The Qumran Texts in English, 2^nd ed., trans. W. G. E. Watson, (Leiden; E. J. Brill, 1995).

(Originally published in Spanish as Textos de Qumrán (Madrid; Editorial Trotta SA, 1992). The first English language edition "with corrections and additions" was (Leiden; E. J. Brill, 1994). The first paperback edition of the English translation was published jointly in 1996 by E. J. Brill, Leiden, and Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan.)

(This is the most extensive translation of the 270 most important non-biblical texts available into English. Its major shortcoming is the limited amount of discussion provided for the texts; although this is scheduled to be rectified in a companion volume due out soon, we are assured.)

(I have corrected a small number of typographical errors while examining specific entries from the otherwise excellent list of manuscripts provided at the end of this work. These have been primarily numerical errors in page or volume numbers and, occasionally, in the series number of a specific manuscript. I expect that these will be corrected in a later edition, but in the interim, the corrected entries are available here . These small errors do not detract in any way from the overall stunning impact of the translations themselves.)

²^[pp] R. Eisenman and M. Wise, Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered, (New York; Penguin, 1993).

(Translations in this volume are limited to a subset of 50 of the non-biblical texts from Cave 4. These texts have been reassembled independently, and in some cases, uniquely. In addition to the translations, this volume also includes discussions of all the translated texts. Multiple manuscripts were used by Professor Wise, whenever possible, to reconstruct as much of the original text as possible. There is no way, however, to be sure that all the separate manuscripts originally contained identical text. The composite published text may, therefore, differ in some respects from every one of the manuscript copies from which it was reconstructed. Professor Eisenman�s contention that the original scroll owners were early Christians is not widely accepted by most scroll scholars. This is not, however, a relevant issue for those who are only or mainly interested in the translations, themselves. Professor Wise conducted extensive research to reassemble as much of the original text as possible from the, sometimes numerous, manuscripts that include parts of the text he was trying to translate and analyze. This is an excellent introduction to the non-biblical scrolls for a non-specialist. Even Eisenman and Wise don�t agree on what they mean. That highlights, for me, that this is a healthy and vibrant area of continuing scholarly interest and investigation. Disagreement is what everyone expected once the texts became generally available to scholars.)

³^[pp] Geza Vermes, Dead Sea Scrolls in English. � Revised and Extended Fourth Edition, (London; Penguin, 1995).

(Translations in this volume are limited to a subset of 70 of the non-biblical texts from several caves. The first edition of this volume goes back to 1962. It thus provided the first generally available translations from outside the official international editorial group.)

(It has a most instructive introductory section including a history of the entire scroll fiasco and interesting reportage about most of the principle players. It is not as forthcoming about Professor Vermes own role in most of that history, but other sources can be consulted for those details. It is worth having just for the introduction.)

(It also has some commentary about the texts that it covers, but this is hardly extensive. It includes seemingly all of the largest extant manuscripts and as such is a worthy acquisition. It is also interesting to compare, where possible, these translations with those of F. García Martínez. The later it should be remembered, were first translated into Spanish and then into English by Wilfred G. E, Watson. This might be expected to produce some interesting differences in the final texts.)

The Qumran Manuscript Inventory � Caves 1 � 11

Cave One (1Q) 1Q ap Gen, 1Q Hab, 1Q H, 1Q Is^a, 1Q Is^b, 1Q M, 1Q S, 1Q 1 � 1Q 27 and 1Q 28^a � 1Q 72

Cave Two (2Q) 2Q 1 � 2Q 33

Cave Three (3Q) Copper Scroll and 3Q 1 � 3Q 14

Cave Four (4Q)

Cave Five (5Q) 5Q 1 � 5Q 25

Cave Six (6Q) 6Q 1 � 6Q 4 and 6Q 6 � 6Q 31

Cave Seven (7Q) 7Q 1 � 7Q 19

Cave Eight (8Q) 8Q 1 � 8Q 5

Cave Nine (9Q) A single unidentified papyrus fragment

Cave Ten (10Q) A single ostracon

Cave Eleven (11Q) 11Q 1 � 11Q 25

Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1

1Q ap Gen ar (1Q 20) 1Q Genesis Apocryphon ^{�,1 [230�237]}

N. Avigad and Y. Yadin, A Genesis Apocryphon. A Scroll from the Wilderness of Judaea (Magnes Press-Heikhal hasefer, Jerusalem 1956). Rewritten version of Genesis in Aramaic.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q ap Gen ar is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L. Sukenik, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q H (1Q H^a) 1Q Hymns, The Hymns Scroll, Hôdayôt ^{�,1 [317�361]}

cols. 1�18, frags. 1�66, pls 35�58. Three more fragments were published by E. Puech, RQ 13 (1988) 58�88, pl. III, who also suggested rearranging and renumbering the fragments, JJS 39 (1988) 38�55.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q H is one of the three acquired by Prof. E. L. Sukenik in 1947 for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q pHab 1Q Habakkuk Pesher ^{�,1 [197�202]}

M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark�s Monastery, (The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven 1950), vol. I, pls. LV�LXI. Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2-17; 2:1-20.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q pHab is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L. Sukenik, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q Is^a 1Q Isaiah^a ^b

M. Burrows (ed.) with the assistance of J. C. Trever and W. H. Brownlee, The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark�s Monastery, vol. I, pls. I�LIV. Almost complete copy of Isaiah with some gaps along the bottom edge.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q Is^a is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L. Sukenic, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q Is^b 1Q Isaiah^b ^b

E. L. Sukenik, �Osar ham-megillôt hag-genûzôt she-bîdê ha-�ûnibersitah ha-^cibrit (Bialik Foundation. � The Hebrew University [The Magnes Press. � The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 1955]); pls. 1�15. Another long and fragmented copy of Isaiah.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q Is^b is one of the three acquired by Prof. E. L. Sukenik in 1947 for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q M 1Q War Scroll ^{�,1 [95�115]}

E. L. Sukenik, The Dead Sea Scrolls of the Hebrew University, pp. 1�19, pls. 16�34.47. Rule of the War of the Children of Light Against the Children of Darkness.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q M is one of the three acquired by Prof. E. L. Sukenik in 1947 for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q 33 (1Q M) 1Q War Scroll ^{�,1 [113�115]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 135�136, pl. XXXI. Two fragments of the above listed MS of the War Scroll, 1Q M published by Sukenik. These two fragments retain a separate identity only because they were discovered by separate groups and stored separately for five decades and have not, yet, been physically reunited with the larger part of the manuscript.

1Q S (1Q S and rarely, if ever, 1Q 28) 1Q Rule of the Community, Community Rule, The �Son of God� Text, and, occasionally still, The Manual of Discipline ^{�,1 [3�19]}

Published in M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark�s Monastery, (The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven 1950), vol. II/2, (Manual of Discipline = 1Q S). There is no II/1.

This manuscript contains a description of a sectarian group whose beliefs and practices resembled those of an ancient pacifist sect known as the Essenes, as noted by Eliezer Sukenik of Hebrew University in 1948. When this cave was reexplored in 1949 fragments of many other scrolls were found including what seemed to be an appendage to this same Essene-like work. In the first century CE Pliny the Elder located a group of Essenes on the western shore of the Dead Sea somewhere above En Gedi. This congruence, along with the seemingly obvious connection between the pottery found in the caves and in the nearby ruins, are what first lead de Vaux to preopose the hypothesis that the entire library and Qumran itself were products of the Essenes.

One of the original group of seven manuscripts retrieved by the Ta^câmireh. 1Q S is one of the four acquired by Athanasius Yeshue Samuel, the Archimandrite of the Syrian-Orthodox monastery of Saint Mark in Jerusalem. Mar Athanasius eventually sold (as late as 1954) all four of his manuscripts to Yigael Yadin, the son of Prof. E. L. Sukenic, acting through an intermediary, for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All seven of the original manuscripts eventually ended up in the special museum built for them in Jerusalem: The Shrine of the Book.

1Q S^a and 1Q S^b (1Q S^a, 1Q S^b and rarely, if ever, 1Q 28a and 1Q 28b) 1Q Rule of the Community, Community Rule, The secterian Rule of the Community, The �Son of God� Text, and, occasionally still, The Manual of Discipline ^{�,1 [3�19]}

Adjuncts to the Rule of the Community (1Q S), published in DJD I as 1Q 28^a and 1Q 28^b.

M. Burrows (ed.), The Dead Sea Scrolls of St. Mark�s Monastery, vol. II, fasc. 2: The Manual of Discipline (The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven 1951). Community Rule, cols I�XI. 1Q 28^a and 1Q 28^b are usually assumed to be appendices to 1Q S. They were discovered during subsequent digs in cave 1 conducted by Lankester Harding and Roland De Vaux several years after the first seven manuscripts were discovered there. By that time the cave had obviously been �excavated� both by the bedouin and by the monks of Syrian monastery of St Mark, or their agents.

1Q 1 (1Q Gen) 1Q Genesis ^b

D. Barthélemy, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert I (DJD I) (Oxford 1955), 49�50, pl. VIII. Fragmentary remains of Genesis.

1Q 2 (1Q Exod) 1Q Exodus ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 50�51, pl. VIII. Fragmentary remains of Exodus.

1Q 3 (1Q palaeoLev) 1Q Leviticus ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 51�54, pls. VIII�IX. Barthélemy accepts the possibility that these fragments are parts of three or four separate MSS, to which fragments 1�15, 16�21, 22�23, and 24 respectively belong. M. D. McLean, The Use and Development of Palaeo-Hebrew in the Hellenistic and Roman Period (Thesis, Harvard 1982), 41�42, distinguishes three separate MSS:

1Q palaeoLev^a: fragments 1�8, 10�15;

1Q palaeoLev^b: fragments 22�23;

1Q palaeoNum: fragments 16�21.

Fragmentary remains of Leviticus in palaeo-Hebrew script.

1Q 4 (1Q Deut^a) 1Q Deuteronomy^a ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 54�57, pl. IX. Fragmentary remains of Deuteronomy.

1Q 5 (1Q Deut^b) 1Q Deuteronomy^b ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 57�62, pl. X. Another fragmentary copy of Deuteronomy.

1Q 6 (1Q Jud) 1Q Judges ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 62�64, pl. XI. Fragmentary remains of Judges.

1Q 7 (1Q Sam) 1Q Samuel ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 64�65, pl. XI. Fragmentary remains of 1 and 2 Samuel.

1Q 8 (1Q Is^b) 1Q Isaiah^b ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 66�68, pl. XII. Part of the 1Q Is^b manuscript of Isaiah, published by Sukenik, 1Q Isaiah^b. These separate parts of the same manuscript retain a separate identities only because they were discovered by separate groups and stored separately for five decades and have not, yet, been physically reunited into one large manuscript.

1Q 9 (1Q Ezek) 1Q Ezekiel ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 68�69, pl. XII. One identified fragment of Ezekiel and another, unidentified.

1Q 10 (1Q Ps^a) 1Q Psalms^a ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 69�70, pl. XIII. Fragmentary copy of Psalms, with the divine name written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

1Q 11 (1Q Ps^b) 1Q Psalms^b ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 71, pl. XIII. Another fragmentary copy of Psalms, with the divine name written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

1Q 12 (1Q Ps^c) 1Q Psalms^c ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 71�72, pl. XIII. Remains of Psalm 44.

1Q 13 (1Q Phyl) 1Q Phylactery ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 72�76, fig. 10, pl. XIV. Remains of a phylactery which includes the text of the decalogue.

1Q 14 (1Q pMic) 1Q Micah Pesher ^{�,1 [193�194]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 77�80, pl. XV. Remains of a commentary on Mic 1:2-5.5-7.8-9; 4:13(?);6:14-16; 7:6(?).8-9(?).17.

1Q 15 (1Q pZeph) 1Q Zephaniah Pesher ^�,1 [202]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 80, pl. XV. Remains of a commentary on Zeph 1:18-2:2.

1Q 16 (1Q pPs) 1Q Psalms Pesher ^�,1 [206]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 81�82, pl. XV. Remains of a commentary on Ps 57:1.4;Ps 68:12-13.26-27.30-31.

1Q 17 (1Q Jub^a) 1Q Jubilees^a ^�,1 [245]

D. J. T. Milik, DJD I, 82�83, pl. XVI. Copy of the Book of Jubilees. Remains of Jub 27:19-21.

1Q 18 (1Q Jub^b) 1Q Jubilees^b ^�,1 [245]

D. J. T. Milik, DJD I, 83�84, pl. XVI. Copy of the Book of Jubilees. Remains of Jub 35:8-10 and unidentified fragments.

1Q 19 (1Q Noah) 1Q Noah ^�,1 [263]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 84�86, pl. XVI. Possibly a copy of the lost Book of Noah, related to the Book of Enoch.

1Q 19bis 1Q Noah ^�,1 [263]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 152. Fragment 2 of the preceding MS.

1Q 20 (1Q ap Gen ar) 1Q Genesis Apocryphon ^�,1 [230]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 86�87, pl. XVII. 8 fragments of the foregoing 1Q ap Gen ar, published as �Apocalypse de Lamech�.

1Q 21 (1Q T Levi ar) 1Q Aramaic Levi ^�,1 [266]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 87�91, pl. XVII. Remains of an Aramaic work related to the Aramaic Testament of Levi from the Cairo Genizah, and to the Greek Testament of Levi, which forms part of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.

1Q 22 (1Q DM) 1Q Words of Moses ^{�,1 [276�277]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 91�97, pl. XVIII�XIX. Remains of a Hebrew work, referred to as �Words of Moses� (Dibrê Mosheh).

1Q 23 (1Q En Giants ar^a) 1Q Book of Giants^a ^�,1 [260]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 97�98, pl. XIX. Published as remains of an Aramaic apocryphon, they were later identified by Milik as a copy of the Book of Giants in Milik, Books, 301�302.

1Q 24 (1Q En Giants ar^b) 1Q Book of Giants^b ^�,0

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 99, pl. XX. Aramaic apocryphon; according to Milik, Books, 309, possibly another copy of the Book of Giants.

1Q 25 (1Q Apocryphal prophecy) ^�,0

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 100�101, pl. XX. Remains of an apocryphal prophecy; (?) in Hebrew.

1Q 26 (1Q Wisdom Apocryphon) ^�,0

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 101�102, pl. XX. Remains of an apocryphal work in Hebrew. According to P. W. Skehan there are another four copies of the same work in 4 Q.

1Q 27 (1Q Myst) 1Q Mysteries ^{�,1 [399�400]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 102�107, pls. XXI�XXII. �Book of the Mysteries�, a pseudepigraphical prophecy.

1Q 28^a (1Q S^a) 1Q Rule of the Congregation ^{�,1 [126�128]}

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 108�118, pls. XXIII�XXIV. Appendix to the Community Rule, 1Q S, eschatological in content.

1Q 28^b (1Q S^b) 1Q Rule of the Blessings ^{�,1 [432�433]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 118�130, pls. XXV�XXIX. Collection of various blessings preserved as an appendix to the Community Rule, 1Q S, and the Rule of the Congregation, 1Q S^a.

1Q 29 1Q Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire ^{�,1 [277�278]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 130�132, pl. XXX. Remains of a work, liturgical in character, called the Liturgy of the �three tongues of fire�.

1Q 30 1Q Liturgical Text (?) ^�,1 [438]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 132�133, pl. XXX. Fragment of indeterminate character.

1Q 31 1Q Liturgical Text (?) ^�,1 [438]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 132�133, pl. XXX. Fragment of indeterminate character.

1Q 32 (1Q JN ar) 1Q New Jerusalem ^�,0

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 134�135, pls. XXXI. Minute remains of the Aramaic work: �Description of the New Jerusalem�.

1Q 34 (1Q Pr Fêtes) 1Q Festival Prayers ^�,1 [411]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 136, pl. XXXI. Collection of prayers for the various feasts of the liturgical year. Two (4Q 508�509) or three (4Q 507) other copies of this work have been preserved.

1Q 34bis 1Q Festival Prayers ^�,1 [411]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 152�155, pl. XXXI. Fragments of the foregoing MS, with remains of the prayers for the feasts of the New Year, Yom Kippur and Tabernacles (?).

1Q 35 (1Q H^b) 1Q Hymns^b ^{�,1 [361�362]}

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 136�138, pl. XXI. Remains of a second copy of the Hodayot (1Q H^a).

1Q 36 1Q Hymnic Compositions (?) ^�,0

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 138�141, pl. XXXII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q 37 1Q Hymnic Compositions (?) ^�,1 [438]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 141, pl. XXXIII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q 38 1Q Hymnic Compositions (?) ^�,1 [438]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 142, pl. XXXIII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q 39 1Q Hymnic Compositions (?) ^�,1 [438]

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 143, pl. XXXIII. Remains of an unspecified hymn.

1Q 40�69 1Q Unclassified fragments ^�,0

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 144�148, pls. XXXIII�XXXIV. Unidentified Hebrew and Aramaic fragments.

1Q 70 1Q Unclassified fragments ^�,0

J. T. Milik, DJD I, 148�149, pl. XXXVII. Unidentified fragments of papyri.

1Q 71 (1Q Dan^a) 1Q Daniel^a ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 150�151. A single fragment with two columns of Daniel.

1Q 72 (1Q Dan^b) 1Q Daniel^b; ^b

D. Barthélemy, DJD I, 150�151. Another fragmentary copy of Daniel.

Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2

2Q 1 (2Q Gen) 2Q Genesis ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 48�49, pl. X. Remains of a copy of Genesis.

2Q 2 (2Q Exod^a) 2Q Exodus^a ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 49�52, pl. X. Remains of a copy of Exod.

2Q 3 (2Q Exod^b) 2Q Exodus^b ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 52�55, pl. XI. Remains of another copy of Exodus, with the divine name written in palaeo-Hebrew characters and in which Exod 34:10 comes immediately after Exod 19:9.

2Q 4 (2Q Exod^c) 2Q Exodus^c ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 56, pl. XII. A single fragment of possibly another copy of Exodus.

2Q 5 (2Q palaeoLev) 2Q Leviticus ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 56�57, pl. XII. A single fragment of Leviticus, written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

2Q 6 (2Q Numb^a) 2Q Numbers^a ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 57�58, pl. XII. Two fragments with remains of a copy of Numbers.

2Q 7 (2Q Numb^b) 2Q Numbers^b ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 58�59, pl. XII. A fragment of another copy of Numbers.

2Q 8 (2Q Numb^c) 2Q Numbers^c ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 59, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of possibly another copy of Numbers.

2Q 9 (2Q Numb^d) 2Q Numbers^d (?) ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 59�60, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of possibly another copy of Numbers.

2Q 10 (2Q Deut^a) 2Q Deuteronomy^a ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 60�61, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of Deut 1.

2Q 11 (2Q Deut^b) 2Q Deuteronomy^b ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 60�61, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of possibly another copy of Deuteronomy.

2Q 12 (2Q Deut^c) 2Q Deuteronomy^c ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 61�62, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of Deut 10.

2Q 13 (2Q Jer) 2Q Jeremiah ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 62�69, pl. XIII. Remains of a copy of Jeremiah.

2Q 14 (2Q Ps) 2Q Psalms ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 69�71, pl. XIII. Remains of Pss 103 and 104, written partly in red ink.

2Q 15 (2Q Job) 2Q Job ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 71, pl. XIII. A fragment with remains of Job 3.

2Q 16 (2Q Ruth^a) 2Q Ruth^a ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 71�74, pl. XIV. Remains of a copy of Ruth.

2Q 17 (2Q Ruth^b) 2Q Ruth^b ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 74�75, pl. XV. Two fragments, one unidentified, of another copy of Ruth.

2Q 18 (2Q Sir) 2Q BenSira ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 75�77, pl. XV. Remains of chap. 6 of Ecclesiasticus (or Ben Sira) in Hebrew.

2Q 19 (2Q Jub^a) 2Q Jubilees^a ^�,1 [244]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 77�78, pl. XV. A single fragment of the Book of Jubilees, with remains of Jub 23:7-8.

2Q 20 (2Q Jub^b) 2Q Jubilees^b ^�,1 [245]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 78�79, pl. XV. Three fragments of another copy of the Book of Jubilees. Only one has been identified.

2Q 21 (2Q ap Moses) 2Q Apocryphon of Moses ^�,1 [281]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 79�81, pl. XV. Remains of a dialogue of Moses with God.

2Q 22 (2Q ap David?) 2Q Apocryphon of David? ^�,1 [224]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 81�82, pl. XV. Remains of an �Apocryphon of David� (?) or of another �Apocryphon of Moses�, which Baillet completes with another copy from Cave 4, 4Q 373.

2Q 23 (2Q ap Proph) 2Q Apocryphal prophecy ^�,0

M. Baillet, DJD III, 82�84, pl. XV. Remains of an �Apocryphal Prophecy�.

2Q 24 (2Q NJ ar) 2Q New Jerusalem ^�,1 [129]

M. Baillet, RB 62 (1955) 225�245, pls. II�III; M. Baillet, DJD III, 84�89, pl. XV. Remains of an Aramaic work, �Description of the New Jerusalem�.

2Q 25 2Q Juridical text ^�,1 [86]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 90, pl. XVI. Remains of an halakhic work.

2Q 26 (2Q En Giants ar) 2Q Book of Giants ^�,0

M. Baillet, DJD III, 90�91. A single fragment in Aramaic, published as a fragment of a ritual (?) and later identified by Milik, Books, 334, as another fragment of the Book of Giants.

2Q 27�33 2Q Unclassified fragments ^�,0

M. Baillet, DJD III, 91�93, pl. XVII. Fragments of unidentified works.

Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3

3Q Copper Scroll (3Q 15) ^{�,1 [461�463]}

J. M. Allegro, The Treasures of the Copper Scroll (London 1960); J. T. Milik, DJD III, 211�302, pls. XLVIII�LXXI. Copper Scroll. The orginal Copper Scroll is stored in Amman, Jordan. It has begun to deteriorate even though carefully stored there. Efforts are underway to preserve it.

3Q 1 (3Q Ez) 3Q Ezekiel ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 94, pl. XVIII. Fragments with remains of Ez 16.

3Q 2 (3Q Ps) 3Q Psalms ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 94, pl. XVIII. Fragments with remains of Ps 2.

3Q 3 (3Q Lam) 3Q Lamentations ^b

M. Baillet, DJD III, 95, pl. XVIII. Remains of a copy of Lamentations with the divine name written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

3Q 4 (3Q pIsa) 3Q Isaiah Pesher ^�,1 [185]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 95�96, pl. XVIII. Remains of a pesher on Isaiah.

3Q 5 (3Q Jub) 3Q Jubilees ^�,1 [244]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 96�98, pl. XVIII. Three of the seven fragments in this manuscript, originally published as an �Apocryphal prophecy�, have been identified as a copy of Jubilees.

3Q 6 3Q Hymn ^�,1 [401]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 98, pl. XVIII. Hymn of praise.

3Q 7 (3Q T Juda?) 3Q Testament of Judah(?) ^�,1 [265]

M. Baillet, DJD III, 99, pl. XVIII. Later identified by J. T. Milik as a Hebrew version of the Aramaic Testament of Judah, it was originally published as �Apocryphon which mentions the angel of the presence�.

3Q 8 3Q Unclassified fragments ^�,0

M. Baillet, DJD III, 100, pls. XIX. �Text which mentions an angel of peace�.

3Q 9 3Q Sectarian text(?) ^�,0

M. Baillet, DJD III, 100�101, pls. XIX.

3Q 10�14 3Q Unclassified fragments ^�,0

M. Baillet, DJD III, 101�105, pls. XIX. Unidentified texts.

Manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4

4Q 1 (4Q Gen-Exod^a) 4Q Genesis-Exodus^a ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 1�30, pls. I�V. Copy which contains combined remains of Genesis and Exodus.

4Q 2 (4Q Gen^b) 4Q Genesis^b ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 31�38, pls. VI�VIII. Copy of Gn text identical to MT. Origin Uncertain.

4Q 3 (4Q Gen^c) 4Q Genesis^c ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 39�42, pl. IX. Remains of Gen 40�41.

4Q 4 (4Q Gen^d) 4Q Genesis^d ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 43�45, pl. IX. A single fragment with remains of Gn 1.

4Q 5 (4Q Gen^e) 4Q Genesis^e ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 47�52, pl. X. Copy of Gn from a textual type similar to MT and the Samaritan text.

4Q 6 (4Q Gen^f) 4Q Genesis^f ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 53�55, pl. XI. Remains of one column with part of Gn 48.

4Q 7 (4Q Gen^g) 4Q Genesis^g ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 57�60, pl. XII. Two fragments of Gn 1�2.

4Q 8 (4Q Gen^h₁) 4Q Genesis^h₁ ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 61�62, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of Gn 1:8-10. The siglum 4Q Gen^h has been adopted for four different manuscripts related to the book of Genesis, each of which is preserved in only one small fragment.

4Q 8^a (4Q Gen^h₂) 4Q Genesis^h₂ ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 62, pl. XII. A fragment with remains of Gn 2:17-18.

4Q 8^b (4Q Gen^h_-para) 4Q Genesis^h_-para ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 62�63, pl. XII. A paraphrasis of Gn 12:4-5.

4Q 8^c (4Q Gen^h_-title) 4Q Genesis^h_-title ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 63�64, pl. XII. The title of a Genesis manuscript written on the recto of a page de garde.

4Q 9 (4Q Gen^j) 4Q Genesis^j ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 65�73, pl. XIII. Copy of Gn of a textual type close to the Samaritan text.

4Q 10 (4Q Gen^k) 4Q Genesis^k ^b

J. R. Davila, DJD XII, 75�78, pl. XIII. Small fragments with remains of Gn 1�3.

4Q 11 (4Q palaeoGen-Exod^l) 4Q Genesis-Exodus^l ^b

P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, J. E. Sanderson, DJD IX, 17�50, pls. I�VI. A manuscript in palaeo-Hebrew script with remains of Gen 50:26 and Exod 1�36.

4Q 12 (4Q palaeoGen^m) 4Q Genesis^m ^b

P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, J. E. Sanderson, DJD IX, 51�52, pl. VI. A fragment on Gn 26 in palaeo-Hebrew script.

4Q Genⁿ 4Q Genesisⁿ ^b

E. Puech, RQ 16/64 (1995) 637�704 (?). Two very small fragments with possible remains of Gn 34:7-10 and Gn 50:3.

4Q 13 (4Q Exod^b) 4Q Exodus^b ^b

F. M. Cross, DJD XII, 79�95, pls. XIV�XV. Six fragments with remains of Exod 1�5.

4Q 14 (4Q Exod^c) 4Q Exodus^c ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 97�125, pls. XVI�XX. Thirty-six (36) fragments with remains of Exod 7�18.

4Q 15 (4Q Exod^d) 4Q Exodus^d ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 127�128, pl. XXI. A single fragment with remains of Exod 13:15-17 followed directly by Exod 15:1.

4Q 16 (4Q Exod^e) 4Q Exodus^e ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 129�131, pl. XXI. A single fragment with remains of Exod 13:3-5.

4Q 17 (4Q Exod-Lev^f) 4Q Exodus-Leviticus^f ^b

F. M. Cross, DJD XII, 133�144, pls. XXII. It might be most ancient of the biblical manuscripts to come from Qumran, copied towards 250 BC. Its contents are practically identical to MT. Remains of Exod 38�Lev 2.

4Q 18 (4Q Exod^g) ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 145�146, pl. XXI. A single fragment with remains of Exod 14:21-27.

4Q 19 (4Q Exod^h) ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 147�148, pl. XXII. A single fragment with remains of Exod 6:3-6.

4Q 20 (4Q Exod^j) ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 149�150, pl. XXI. Minute fragments with remains of Exod 7�8.

4Q 21 (4Q Exod^k) ^b

J. E. Sanderson, DJD XII, 151, pl. XXI. A single fragment with remains of Exod 36:9-10.

4Q 22 (4Q palaeoExod^m) ^b

P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, J. E. Sanderson, DJD IX, 51�130, pls. VII�XXXIII. Another lengthy copy of Exod in palaeo-Hebrew characters, Samaritan in type.

4Q 23 (4Q Lev-Num^a) 4Q Leviticus-Numbers^a ^b

E. Ulrich, DJD XII, 153�176, pls. XXIII�XXX. Many fragments of a MS which contains remains of Lev and Num.

4Q 24 (4Q Lev^b) 4Q Leviticus^b ^b

E. Ulrich, DJD XII, 177�187, pls. XXI�XXXIV. Thirty (30) fragments of another copy of Lev, with remains of Lev 1�3 and Lev 21�25.

4Q 25 (4Q Lev^c) 4Q Leviticus^c ^b

E. Tov, DJD XII, 189�192, pl. XXXV. Nine (9) fragments of another copy of Lev with remains of Lev 1�8.

4Q 26 (4Q Lev^d) 4Q Leviticus^d ^b

E. Tov, DJD XII, 193�195, pl. XXXVI. Another copy of Lev in a bad state of preservation with remains of Lev 14�17.

4Q 26^a (4Q Lev^e) 4Q Leviticus^e ^b

E. Tov, DJD XII, 197�201, pl. XXXVII. Nine (9) small fragments with remains of Lev 3 and Lev 19�22.

4Q 26^b (4Q Lev^g) 4Q Leviticus^g ^b

E. Tov, DJD XII, 203�204, pl. XXXVIII. A single fragment with remains of Lev 7:19-26, containing the tetragrammaton in palaeo-Hebrew script.

4Q 27 (4Q Num^b) 4Q Numbers^b ^b

N. R. Jastram, DJD XII, 205�267, pls. XXXVIII�XLIX. Lengthy copy, of an expansionist type, of Num, of which remains of 27 columns have been preserved.

4Q 28 (4Q Deut^a) 4Q Deuteronomy^a ^b

S. A. White, A critical Edition of Seven Deuteronomy Manuscripts, Diss Harvard 1988, 8�18. A fragment with remains of Deut 23�24.

4Q 29 (4Q Deut^b) 4Q Deuteronomy^b ^b

J. A. Duncon, A Critical Edition of Deuteronomy Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV: 4Q Dt^b, 4Q Dt^e, 4Q Dt^h, 4Q Dt^j, 4Q Dt^l, Diss. Harvard 1989, 9�31. Four fragments with remains of Deut 29�32.

4Q 30 (4Q Deut^c) 4Q Deuteronomy^c ^b

S. A. White, A critical Edition of Seven Deuteronomy Manuscripts, Diss Harvard 1988, 19�132. Lengthy copy of Deut, of a textual type related to LXX.

4Q 31 (4Q Deut^d) 4Q Dueteronomy^d ^b

S. A. White, A critical Edition of Seven Deuteronomy Manuscripts, Diss Harvard 1988, 133�154. A fragment with remains of Deut 2�3.

4Q 32 (4Q Deut^e) 4Q Deuteronomy^e ^b

J. A. Duncon, A Critical Edition of Deuteronomy Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV: 4QDt^b, 4QDt^e, 4QDt^h, 4QDt^j, 4QDt^l, Diss. Harvard 1989, 32�49. Three main fragments containing remains of Deut 7�8.

4Q 33 (4Q Deut^f) 4Q Deuteronomy^f ^b

S. A. White, A critical Edition of Seven Deuteronomy Manuscripts, Diss Harvard 1988, 155�214. �Proto-rabbinic� copy of Deut.

4Q 34 (4Q Deut^g) 4Q Deuteronomy^g ^b

S. A. White, A critical Edition of Seven Deuteronomy Manuscripts, Diss Harvard 1988, 215�240. Copy of Deut of a masoretic type.

4Q 35 (4Q Deut^h) 4Q Deuteronomy^h ^b

J. A. Duncon, A Critical Edition of Deuteronomy Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV: 4QDt^b, 4QDt^e, 4QDt^h, 4QDt^j, 4QDt^l, Diss. Harvard 1989, 50�77. Copy of Deut of a septuagintal type, with remains of Deut 1�2, Deut 31 and Deut 33.

4Q 36 (4Q Deutⁱ) 4Q Deuteronomyⁱ ^b

S. A. White, A critical Edition of Seven Deuteronomy Manuscripts, Diss Harvard 1988, 241�262. Another copy of Deut.

4Q 37 (4Q Deut^j) 4Q Deuteronomy^j ^b

J. A. Duncon, A Critical Edition of Deuteronomy Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV: 4QDt^b, 4QDt^e, 4QDt^h, 4QDt^j, 4QDt^l, Diss. Harvard 1989, 78�114. The manuscript contains various passages from Deut and Exod 12:43�13:5, which follows Deut 11:21.

4Q 38 (4Q Deut^k) 4Q Deuteronomy^k ^b

J. A. Duncon, A Critical Edition of Deuteronomy Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV: 4QDt^b, 4QDt^e, 4QDt^h, 4QDt^j, 4QDt^l, Diss. Harvard 1989, 115�154. Eleven (11) fragments which may could belong to two different copies of Deut. The preserved remains come from Deut 5.11.19-20.23.25-26.32.

4Q 39 (4Q Deut^l) 4Q Deuteronomy^l ^b

J. A. Duncon, A Critical Edition of Deuteronomy Manuscripts from Qumran Cave IV: 4QDt^b, 4QDt^e, 4QDt^h, 4QDt^j, 4QDt^l, Diss. Harvard 1989, 155�168. Eight (8) tiny-sized fragments of another copy of Deut.

4Q 40 (4Q Deut^m) 4Q Deuteronomy^m ^b

Three fragments with remains of Deut 3 and Deut 7, written with plene spelling.

4Q 41 (4Q Deutⁿ) 4Q Deuteronomyⁿ ^b

F. M. Cross, Scrolls from the Wilderness of the Dead Sea, 20.31-32. The famous �All Souls Deuteronomy�, possibly a text with excerpts from Deut.

4Q 42 (4Q Deut^o) 4Q Deuteronomy^o ^b

Fifteen (15) tiny-sized fragments of another copy of Deut.

4Q 43 (4Q Deut^p) 4Q Deuteronomy^p ^b

Four (4) small fragments of another copy of Deut, with remains of Deut 5 and Deut 14.

4Q 44 (4Q Deut^q) 4Q Deuteronomy^q ^b

Remains of the �Song of Moses�.

4Q 45 (4Q palaeoDeut^r) 4Q palaeoDeuteronomy^r ^b

P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, J. E. Sanderson, DJD IX, 131�152, pls. XXXIV�XXXVI. Abundant fragments of another copy of Deut written in palaeo-Hebrew characters.

4Q 46 (4Q palaeoDeut^s) 4Q palaeoDeuteronomy^s ^b

P. W. Skehan, E. Ulrich, J. E. Sanderson, DJD IX, 153�154, pl. XXXVII. A single fragment in palaeo-Hebrew of Deut 26.

4Q 47 (4Q^a) 4Q^a ^b